Septic arthritis of the knee: clinical and laboratory comparison of groups with different etiologies

OBJECTIVES: To clinically and epidemiologically characterize a population diagnosed with and treated for septic arthritis of the knee, to evaluate the treatment results and to analyze the differences between patients with positive and negative culture results, patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates and patients with S. aureus- and non-S. aureus-related infections. METHODS: One hundred and five patients with septic knee arthritis were included in this study. The clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed to compare patients with and without an isolated causative agent, patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and patients with S. aureus-related and non S. aureus-related infections. RESULTS: Causative agents were isolated in 81 patients. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 65 patients and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated in 16 patients. The most commonly isolated bacterium was S. aureus. Comparing cases with an isolated pathogen to cases without an isolated pathogen, no differences between the studied variables were found except for the longer hospital stays of patients in whom an etiological agent was identified. When comparing Gram-positive bacteria with Gram-negative bacteria, patients with Gram-positive-related infections exhibited higher leukocyte counts. Patients with S. aureus-related infections were more frequently associated with healthcare-related environmental encounters. CONCLUSION: S. aureus is the most common pathogen of septic knee arthritis. Major differences were not observed between infections with isolated and non-isolated pathogens and between infections with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. S. aureus infections were more likely to be associated with a prior healthcare environment exposure.

Infecciones osteoarticulares en pacientes del Hospital del Instituto de Seguridad del Trabajador (IST) de Viña del Mar: periodo 2012-2013 / Osteoarticular infections in patients of the Hospital del Instituto de Seguridad del Trabajador in Viña del Mar (Chile): period 2012-2013

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones osteoarticulares son un desafío frecuente en la práctica traumatológica diaria. En Chile y en los distintos hospitales de la región de Valparaíso son escasos los trabajos con relación al tema, lo que es fundamental para optimizar el tratamiento, tanto quirúrgico como médico, de estas infecciones. OBJETIVOS: Describir las infecciones osteoarticulares del Hospital del IST de Viña del Mar durante el periodo 2012-2013. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Trabajo descriptivo retrospectivo de una serie de casos. Se revisaron las fichas clínicas de los pacientes que cursaron con alguna infección osteoarticular y se obtuvieron los datos demográficos y clínicos de cada paciente. RESULTADOS: Treinta pacientes fueron incluidos. Dieciséis (53,3%) fueron hombres con un promedio de edad de 38,5años. El 50% correspondieron a infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud. Las principales infecciones fueron asociadas a material de osteosíntesis. El agente más frecuente fue el Staphylococcus aureus meticilinosensible (SAMS). En la mayoría de los casos se realizó aseo quirúrgico, toma de cultivos e inicio de antibióticos con ceftriaxona más clindamicina. CONCLUSIONES: Las infecciones osteoarticulares ocurrieron principalmente en hombres jóvenes, fueron infecciones asociadas a material de osteosíntesis y producidas por SAMS.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarticular infections are a common challenge in everyday trauma practice. In Chile, and in different hospitals in the region of Valparaiso, there are few studies on the issue, which is essential to optimise both surgical and medical treatment of these infections. OBJECTIVES: To describe the osteoarticular infections in the Hospital del Instituto de Seguridad del Trabajador (IST) of Viña del Mar during the 2012-2013 period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was performed on a series of cases. A review was made of the medical records of patients with any osteoarticular infection. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from each patient. RESULTS: Of the total of 30 patients included, 16 (53.3%) were male with a mean age of 38.5 years. Half (50%) of the infections were associated with health care. Major infections were associated with osteosynthesis material. The most frequent agent was Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). In most cases surgical cleanliness, taking of microbiological cultures, and antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone plus clindamycin, was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoarticular infections occurred mainly in young men, were infections associated to osteosynthesis material, and caused by MSSA.

Clinical and epidemiological differences between septic arthritis of the knee and hip caused by oxacillin-sensitive and -resistant s. aureus

OBJECTIVE: To establish the risk factors for joint infection by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using clinical and epidemiological data. METHODS: All septic arthritis cases of the knee and hip diagnosed and treated in our institution from 2006 to 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. Only patients with cultures identified as microbial agents were included in the study. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients were analyzed, seeking the differences between populations affected by MRSA and oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). RESULTS: S. aureus was isolated in thirty-five patients (46.0%) in our total sample, 25 in the knee and 10 in the hip. Of these 35 patients, 22 presented with MSSA and 13 presented with MRSA. Provenance from a health service-related environment, as described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was the only variable associated with oxacillin-resistant strains of this bacterium (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Provenance from a health service-related environment was associated with a higher incidence of MRSA-related septic arthritis, suggesting that this agent should be considered in the initial choice of antibiotic treatment. Previous surgeries of the knee or affected limb and the absence of leukocytes might also be related to infection with this agent. .

Utilization of Hyaluronate and Incidence of Septic Knee Arthritis in Adults: Results from the Korean National Claim Registry

BACKGROUND: Septic arthritis of the knee has been reported recently in adult patients who were administered hyaluronate. We evaluated the incidence of septic knees and the utilization of hyaluronate in the Korean adult population using nationwide data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). METHODS: All new admissions to the clinics or hospitals for septic knees were recorded in the HIRA database which was established by the Korean government and covers the Korean population using the International Classification of Diseases-10 revision code. We evaluated the incidence of septic arthritis of the knees in the population above 50 years of age. Hyaluronate prescription data was also collected from the HIRA database. RESULTS: In 2012, the incidence of septic knees was 2.7 per 100,000 persons in men and 4.2 per 100,000 persons in women, respectively. The age-adjusted incidence of septic knees increased by 6.7% per year (95% confidence interval, 3.3 to 10.1), and the annual number of prescriptions of hyaluronate increased about 1.5-fold during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Cautious aseptic technique is required when hyaluronate is administered in adult patients with osteoarthritis of the knee due to the concerns of the risk of septic arthritis.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of septic arthritis of the hip, 2006 to 2012, a seven-year review

OBJECTIVE: To epidemiologically characterize the population treated at our orthopedic clinic with a diagnosis of septic arthritic of the hip between 2006 and 2012. METHODS: Fifteen patients diagnosed with septic arthritis of the hip between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients' clinical and epidemiological characteristics were surveyed; a sensitivity profile relating to the microorganisms that caused the infections and the complications relating to the patients' treatment and evolution were identified. RESULTS: Septic arthritis was more common among males. Most diagnoses were made through positive synovial fluid cultures, after joint drainage was performed using the Smith-Petersen route. Among the comorbidities found, the most prevalent were systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The pathological joint conditions diagnosed prior to joint infection were osteoarthrosis and developmental dysplasia of the hip. The infectious agent most frequently isolated was Staphylococcus aureus. From the clinical and laboratory data investigated, 53.33% of the cases presented with fever, and all except one patient presented with increased measures in inflammation tests. Gram staining was positive in only 26.66% of the synovial fluid samples analyzed. Six patients presented with joint complications after treatment was administered. CONCLUSION: S. aureus is the most common pathogen in acute infections of the hip in our setting. Factors such as clinical comorbidities are associated with septic arthritis of the hip. Because of the relatively small number of patients, given that this is a condition of low prevalence, there was no statistically significant correlation in relation to worse prognosis for the disease. .

Caracterización clínico - epidemiológica de pacientes con artritis séptica: año 2013: Instituto Traumatológico de Chile / Clinical - epidemiological characteristics of patients with septic arthritis: year 2013 Instituto Traumatologico of Chile

Artritis séptica (AS) es la reacción inflamatoria de una articulación desencadenada por microorganismos, provocando destrucción osteocondral y pérdida funcional irreversible si no es tratada a tiempo. El cuadro clínico de esta patología debe despertar sospecha del médico, obligando a realizar diagnóstico y manejo adecuado. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a pacientes con AS del InstitutoTraumatológico de Santiago, Chile (IT) y describir su manejo realizado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal, analizando fichas clínicas electrónicas de pacientes mayores de 15 años atendidos en elServicio de Urgencia del IT con diagnóstico de AS, durante el año 2013 (n=28). Los datos fueron tabulados en una planilla Microsoft® Excel® 2010. RESULTADOS: 68 por ciento fueron pacientes masculinos. Edad promedio de 54 años. Se realizaron 2 aseos quirúrgicos en promedio por paciente. 17 días fue el promedio de estadía hospitalaria. Principales comorbilidades fueron hipertensión arterial (29 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus 2 (21 por ciento). En síntomas predominó dolor (93 por ciento) y aumento de volumen (82 por ciento).La localización más frecuente fue rodilla (53,6 por ciento). Etiología más habitual fue Staphyloccocus aureus (60 por ciento). Las alteraciones de laboratorio fueron VHS elevada (90 por ciento), PCR elevada (80 por ciento) y leucocitosis(45 por ciento). Tratamiento antibiótico empírico más utilizado fue esquema tri asociado de cloxacilina, gentamicina y penicilinasódica (60 por ciento). Antibioticoterapia ambulatoria más indicada fuecloxacilina (60 por ciento). DISCUSIÓN: Recalcamos la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de la AS, cuyo pronóstico y complicaciones dependen directamente de su pesquisa temprana. Las características clínico - epidemiológicas del presente estudio son consistentes con lo descrito en la literatura nacional e internacional...

Septic arthritis (SA) is the inflammatory reaction of an articular surface by the presence of microorganisms. It can cause joint destruction and rapid functional loss. Clinical manifestations of septic arthritis should be considered a medical emergency, therefore proper diagnosis and management is mandatory. OBJECTIVES: To characterize clinically and epidemiologically adult patients with SA from Instituto Traumatologico de Santiago de Chile (IT) and to describe its treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study analyzing electronic health records of patients over 15 years old, with diagnosis of SA, attended in the ER of the IT during 2013 (n=28). Data were tabulated in an Excel2010spreadsheet. RESULTS: 68 percent of patients were males. Average age was 54 years. An average of 2 surgical toilettes was performed per patient. The mean impatient stay was 17 days. Major comorbidities were hypertension (29 percent) and diabetes mellitus type 2(21 percent). The main symptoms were pain (93 percent) and swelling (82 percent).The most common location was the knee (53,6 percent). Most common etiology was Staphyloccocus aureus (60 percent). The laboratory abnormalities were high ESR (90 percent), elevated CRP (80 percent) and leukocytosis (45 percent). The most used empiric antibiotic the rap was the triassociated scheme of cloxacillin, gentamicin and sodium penicillin (60 percent). Most indicated outpatient antibiotic was cloxacillin (60 percent). DISCUSSION: We emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of SA, having direct consequences in complications and prognosis if not made quickly. Both clinical and epidemiological findings of our study were comparable to those found in national and international literature...

Epidemiology of septic arthritis of the knee at Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Background: Septic arthritis is an infrequent disease although very important due to the possibility of disastrous outcomes if treatment is not adequately established. Adequate information concerning the epidemiology of septic arthritis is still lacking due to the uncommon nature of the disease as well as the struggle to establish a correct case-definition. Objective: To epidemiologically characterize the population seen at Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo with a diagnosis of septic arthritis between 2006 and 2011. Methods: Sixty-one patients diagnosed with septic arthritis of the knee between 2006 and 2011 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients' clinical and epidemiological characteristics, the microorganisms that caused the infection and the patients' treatment and evolution were analyzed. Results: Septic arthritis of the knee was more common among men, with distribution across a variety of age ranges. Most diagnoses were made through positive synovial fluid cultures. The most prevalent clinical comorbidities were systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and the most commonly reported joint disease was osteoarthritis. Staphylococcus aureus was the prevailing pathogen. Fever was present in 36% of the cases. All patients presented elevation in inflammatory tests. Gram staining was positive in only 50.8% of the synovial fluid samples analyzed. Six patients presented complications and unfavorable evolution of their condition. Conclusion: S. aureus is still the most common pathogen in acute knee infections in our environment. Gram staining, absence of fever and normal leukocyte count cannot be used to rule out septic arthritis. .

Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina frente a Staphylococcus aureus resistente en la artritis septica aguda: estudio experimental, epidemiologico y clinico en niños / Methicillin-sensitive versus methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute septic arthritis: experimental, epidemiological and clinical study in children

Introducción: Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron establecer la epidemiología de la artritis séptica en nuestra comunidad, determinar las diferencias entre la artritis séptica producida por Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina y las secundarias a Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina, y determinar las propiedades bactericidas del líquido sinovial. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 28 conejos neozelandeses, divididos en cuatro grupos de 2 cada uno; en los de los grupos I y II se inocularon 0,3 mL de Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina y en los de los grupos III y IV, 0,3 mL de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina. Se evaluó a 16 niños con artritis séptica, con un promedio de edad de 6 años. Se tomaron muestras de líquido sinovial de 10 rodillas, las cuales se colocaron en medios de cultivo inoculados con Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina y con Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina. Resultados: La resonancia magnética evidenció signos de artritis en todos los casos. Los hemocultivos fueron negativos. La anatomía patológica evidenció edema, infiltrado inflamatorio purulento con material fibrinoleucocitario, tejido de granulación y áreas con destrucción de la membrana sinovial. En la investigación clínica, la articulación más afectada fue la rodilla (10 casos); el agente causal no se pudo identificar en 9 casos. El estudio experimental para determinar la capacidad bactericida del líquido sinovial reveló 75 por ciento de inhibición de crecimiento de colonias de Staphylococcus aureus sensible a la meticilina y 0 por ciento de inhibición para colonias de Staphylococcus aureus resistente. Conclusiones: La elección de la antibioticoterapia para utilizar inicialmente en la artritis séptica debe variar de acuerdo con lo que muestren los estudios epidemiológicos de cada región...

Background: The main objectives of this paper were: to establish the epidemiology of septic arthritis in our community, determine the differences between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis, and determine the bactericidal properties of synovial fluid. Methods: Twenty-eight rabbits were used, divided into four groups of seven rabbits each; in groups I and II 0.3cc of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were inoculated, and in groups III and IV 0.3cc of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were inoculated in the knee. We evaluated 16 children with septic arthritis, average age six years. Samples of synovial fluid were taken from 10 knees, placed in culture material and inoculated with methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus. Results: The MRI showed signs of arthritis in all cases. Blood cultures were negative. The histological evaluation showed swelling, inflammation, granulation tissue, pus, and destroyed areas in the synovial membrane. In the 10 children evaluated the most affected joint was the knee; the causative agent could not be identified in nine cases. The study to assess the bactericidal activity of the synovial fluid revealed 75% of growth inhibition for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and no growth inhibition for the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus. Conclusions: The antibiotics used for the initial treatment in septic arthritis should vary according to the epidemiology of each region. Synovial fluid has important bactericidal properties against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, but not against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus. The MRI should be the imaging study of choice to diagnose and evaluate septic arthritis.

Approach to a child with monoarthritis.

Abstract Arthritis in childhood is common. The pattern, presentation and duration of arthritis help differentiate between the various possible diagnoses. When only one joint is involved, i.e., monoarthritis, it may be difficult to make a diagnosis as there are many possibilities both acute and chronic in nature. A detailed history and clinical examination is important to reach a correct diagnosis and the single most important investigation when a child presents acutely is a joint aspiration to rule out septic arthritis that may destroy the joint in hours. Inflammatory markers, antinuclear antibody testing, test for tuberculosis and imaging (in specific cases) play an important role in the diagnosis of a child that presents with a chronic monoarthritis. In this article we provide a clinical approach to the diagnosis of monoarthritis in a child.

Artritis séptica y osteomielitis aguda en pediatría / Septic artritis and acute osteomielitis in pediatrics

Objective: To review the clinical presentation, the organisms responsible for arthritis and acute osteomyelitis and the intrahospitalary and ambulatorie management in childhood less than 16 years in the post Haemophilus influenza tipe B vaccine era. Methods: Retrospective review of clinic case account in the Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica in the period from January 2004 to July 2008 with the diagnosis of acute infection oteomyelitis and septic arthritis. There were include all the cases, with or without surgical management and intra and extra hospitalary infection source. Results: There were 32 total cases, 22 acute osteomyelitis (AOM) and 16 septic arthritis (SA). Pain and functional impotence of lower limbs, were the 2 first sintoms. The agent was isolated in 25 percent of the SA and 54.5 percent of the AOM. The most frecuent isolated agent in AOM was the Staphilococcus aureus. In SA, there was no isolated this agent. Discussion: The clinical findings of the osteoarticular infections (OAI), presents with a loss florid illness than the classical presentation. To know the agent take time. For that reason, we thought that the empirical intravenosus antibiotical treatment is fundamental in this knew studies about this matter, that can propuose an universal empyric antibiotic therapy.

Objetivo: Revisar la presentación clínica, microorganismos responsables de artritis séptica (AS) y de osteomielitis aguda (OM), así como el manejo agudo y seguimiento en población pediátrica menor de 16 años en la era post vacuna anti Haemophilus influenzae tipo B (Hib). Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de casos clínicos acontecidos en nuestro Hospital entre los años 2004 y 2008 con el diagnóstico de OM y AS de origen infeccioso. Se incluyeron todos los casos registrados, con o sin manejo quirúrgico, y con fuente infecciosa tanto intra como extra hospitalaria. Resultados: Se obtuvo ficha clínica completa en 38 casos, 22OMA y 16 AS. El dolor y la impotencia funcional de extremidades inferiores, fueron los principales motivos de consulta en ambos grupos. Se logró aislar el agente en un 25 por ciento de las AS y un 54,5 por ciento de las OMA. El microorganismo más frecuente en OMA fue el Staphilococcus aureus. No se aisló este mismo, en AS. Discusión: La presentación clínica inicial de las infecciones osteoarticulares (IOA), es menos evidente en la actualidad que en otros tiempos. Debido a que la identificación del microorganismo causante de la infección no es inmediata, pensamos que la terapia antibiótica (ATB) empírica inicial es fundamental en el manejo de estas patologías. Sugerimos nuevos estudios que propongan un determinado manejo ATB empírico inicial universal.

Etiología y presentación clínica de las infecciones osteoarticulares en niños hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell 2003-2005 / Etiology and clinical presentation of osteoarticular infections in children hospitalized in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center 2003-2005

Introducción: en el año 2001, en Uruguay, se comenzó a observar en niños un aumento en la frecuencia de aislamientos de S. aureus meticilino resistente en niños con infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad (SAMR-AC). Resulta necesario conocer la epidemiología y las manifestaciones clínicas de las infecciones osteoarticulares para adecuar las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Objetivo: describir la etiología, presentación y evolución clínica de los niños hospitalizados con infecciones osteoarticulares en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2005, con diagnóstico al egreso de osteomielitis, osteoartritis y artritis séptica. Para la definición de caso se consideraron: manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos en el centellograma óseo, germen aislado de hemocultivo o cultivo óseo, o ambos, o articular. Se analizó etiología, presentación clínica, evolución y tratamiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 106 niños; edad media 7 años. Se aisló germen en 56 (52%): S. aureus meticilino sensible 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), otros 12,5% (n=7). Comparados con otras etiologías los niños con infecciones por SAMR-AC tuvieron presentación clínica más grave: pandiafisitis (n=7), focos múltiples (n=1), trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar (n=2). Estos 15 niños requirieron drenaje quirúrgico; presentaron estadía más prolongada (promedio 31 versus 13 días) y más secuelas (6 versus 1). Los dos fallecimientos ocurrieron en niños con esta etiología. Conclusiones: SAMR-AC constituye un nuevo agente de las infecciones osteoarticulares en niños en nuestro medio. Frente a la sospecha clínica de esta infección es necesario insistir en la punción ósea diagnóstica e iniciar una antibioticoterapia empírica apropiada para este agente.

Summary Introduction: in the year 2001 an increase in isolation frequencies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was observed in children with communityacquired infections. We need to know the epidemiology and clinical presentation of osteoarticular infections in order to adapt therapeutic recommendations. Objective: to describe etiology, clinical features and evolution of children hospitalized with osteoarticular infections at the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Health Care Center. Method: the study included children hospitalized from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2005, with a discharge diagnosis of osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis or septic arthritis. The following were considered for case definition: clinical features, bone centellogram findings, blood or bone culture isolated germ, or both cultures or articular isolated germ. Etiology, clinical features, evolution and treatment were analyzed. Results: 106 children were included, average age was 7 years old. The germ was isolated in 56 (52%):41% methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (n=23), community 27% acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5.5% (n=3), others 12.5% (n=7). When compared with other etiologies, children with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed the most serious clinical presentation: pandiaphysis (n=7), multiple foci (n=1), deep venous thrombosis and pulmonarthromboembolism (n=2). 15 children required surgical drainage; and hospitalization time was longer ( average 31 versus 13 days) and more sequels (6 versus 1). Two deaths corresponded to children with this etiology. Conclusions: community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a new agent in osteoarticular infections in children in our country. Upon clinical suspicion of this infection, it is necessary to insist on performing bone puncture as a diagnostic procedure, and to initiate empirical administration of antibiotics that are appropriate for this agent.

Résumé Introduction: en 2001, en Uruguay, on commence à observer (chez des enfants) une augmentation à la fréquence d’isolement de S. aureus méticilline résistant chez des enfants avec infections acquises dans la communauté (SAMR-AC). Il s’avère nécessaire de connaître l’épidémiologie et les manifestations cliniques des infections ostéo-articulaires afin d’y adapter le traitement. Objectif: décrire l’étiologie, la présentation et l’évolution clinique des enfants hospitalisés avec des infections ostéo-articulaires à l’Hôpital Pédiatrique du Centre Hospitalier Pereira Rossell. Matériel et méthode: on inclut les enfants hospitalisés entre le 1er janvier 2003 et le 31 décembre 2005, à diagnostic d’ostéomyélite, ostéoarthrite et arthrite sceptique au moment de la sortie. On tient compte de: manifestations cliniques, données de scintigraphie osseuse, germe isolé d’hémoculture ou culture osseuse, ou les deux, ou articulaire. On analyse l’étiologie, la présentation clinique, l’évolution et le traitement. Résultats: on inclut 106 enfants; moyenne d’âge 7 ans. Prélèvement de germe chez 56 (52%): S.aureus métycilino sensible 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), d’autres 12,5% (n=7). Si on compare à d’autres étiologies, les enfants avec infections par SAMR-AC ont eu une présentation clinique plus grave: pandiaphysite (n=7), localisations multiples (n=1), thrombose veineuse profonde et thrombœmbolisme pulmonaire (n=2). Ces 15 enfants ont requis drainage chirurgical; leur séjour fut plus long (moyenne 31 versus 13 jours) et il eurent plus de séquelles (6 versus 1). Les deux décès chez des enfants ayant cette étiologie. Conclusions: SAMR-AC constitue un nouvel agent des infections ostéo-articulaires chez nos enfants. S’il existe un soupçon clinique de cette infection, il faut faire une ponction osseuse diagnostique et commencer une antibioticothérapie empirique appropriée.

Resumo Introdução: em 2001, observou-se no Uruguai, um aumento na freqüência de S.aureus meticilina-resistente isolados em crianças com infecções adquiridas na comunidade (SAMR-AC). Faz-se necessário conhecer a epidemiologia e as manifestações clínicas das infecções osteoarticulares para adequar as recomendações terapêuticas. Objetivo: descrever a etiologia, apresentação e evolução clínica das crianças com infecções osteoarticulares internadas no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Material e método: foram incluídas todas as crianças internadas entre o dia 1º de janeiro de 2003 e o dia 31 de dezembro de 2005, cujo diagnóstico na alta era osteomielite, osteoartrite ou artrite séptica. A definição como caso foi feita considerando as manifestações clínicas, os resultados da cintilografia óssea, o microrganimo isolado de hemocultura ou de cultura óssea, ou ambas, ou articular. Foram analisadas a etiologia, a apresentação clínica, a evolução e o tratamento. Resultados: cento e seis crianças com idade média de 7 anos foram incluídas no estudo. Em 56 (52%) delas foi feito o isolamento de gérmen: S. aureus meticilina-sensível 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), outros 12,5% (n=7). Comparados com outras etiologias, as crianças com infecções por SAMR-AC tiveram quadros clínicos mais graves: pandiafisite (n=7), focos múltiples (n=1), trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar (n=2). Nestas 15 crianças foi necessário realizar drenagem cirúrgica, o período de internação foi mais prolongado (média 31 versus 13 dias) e foram registradas mais seqüelas (6 versus 1). Os dois óbitos registrados corresponderam a crianças com esta etiologia. Conclusões: o SAMR-AC é um novo agente de infecções osteoarticulares em crianças no nosso meio. Quando houver suspeita clínica desta infecção deve-se insistir na realização de uma punção óssea diagnóstica e iniciar antibioticoterapia empírica apropriada para este agente.

Infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en un hospital de agudos / Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a hospital for acute diseases

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SAMR) es uno de los principales agentes asociados a infecciones intrahospitalarias; sin embargo, en los últimos años ha surgido como un patógeno emergente de la comunidad, causando infecciones graves, principalmente en jóvenes. Se describen 33 casos de infecciones por SAMR de origen comunitario, diagnosticadas entre mayo de 2005 y junio de 2006 en el HIGA "Eva Perón". Se estudiaron retrospectivamente los aislamientos; se confirmó la resistencia a meticilina mediante la detección del gen mecA, se investigó la presencia de genes que codifican dos factores de virulencia (leucocidina de Panton-Valentine -LPV- y g-hemolisina) y el tipo de casete mec mediante PCR. Todos los pacientes se encontraban sanos previamente. Cuatro pacientes menores de 12 años presentaron bacteriemia, uno con neumonía grave y los 3 restantes con infección osteoarticular; todos los pacientes mayores de 12 años presentaron infecciones de piel y partes blandas sin compromiso sistémico. Se constató la presencia de casete mec tipo IV en todos los aislamientos; la resistencia a meticilina no se acompañó de resistencia a otros antimicrobianos; los aislamientos fueron portadores de genes que codifican para LPV y para g-hemolisina. Es importante considerar la presencia de estas cepas de origen comunitario a fin de elaborar estrategias para su correcto tratamiento.

Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most prevalent pathogens associated with nosocomial infections. However, most recently, MRSA has arisen as an emerging community pathogen, causing serious infections, mainly among young patients. We herein describe 33 cases of infections caused by community-acquired MRSA (CMRSA), diagnosed between May 2005 and June 2006, at "Eva Perón" Hospital. The isolations were retrospectively studied. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by means of the detection of the mecA gene, and the genes for two virulence factors (Panton-Valentine Leucocidin -PVL- and g-haemolysin) as well as the cassette mec type were screened by PCR. All the patients were previously healthy. Four patients under 12, presented bacteremia, one had serious pneumonia, and the three remaining patients had osteoarticular infections; all the patients over 12, had skin and soft tissue infections without systemic damage. The C-MRSA strains harboured cassette mec type IV, and the PVL and g-haemolysin genes. They were methicillin-resistant, with no other associated resistances. It is important to consider the presence of these community- acquired strains in order to develop strategies for their correct treatment.

Hospital-based case series of 175 cases of serologically confirmed brucellosis in Bikaner.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical spectrum of brucellosis in Bikaner (Northwest India). METHODS: A total of 175 cases were diagnosed as brucellosis during the period of six year (June 1997 to May 2003). They were studied for clinical profile and treated by rifampicin and doxycyclin and additionally streptomycin for initial 14 days in patients of neurobrucellosis. These patients were followed up to 3 months. RESULTS: Patients of brucellosis presented with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Out of 175 cases 155 were from rural area. Age ranged between 12-60 years (124 males, 51 females). Analysis of risk factors revealed history of raw milk ingestion (86.86%), occupational contact with animals (81.14%), handling of infected material (62.28%), household contact (16%) and 2 patients were veterinarian. Joint pain (83.43%) and fever (77.71%) were the commonest presenting feature. Sacroiliac joint was most commonly involved (46.86%). 31 cases had involvement of multiple joints. Other mode of presentation were neurobrucellosis (18.86%), manifested as polyradiculoneuropathy, myeloradiculopathy, meningoencephalopathy and polyradiculomyeloencephalopathy; predominant pulmonary involvement (4.0%) presented as bronchitis, pneumonia and pleural effusion; epididymoorchitis, infective endocarditis, nephrotic syndrome and recurrent abortion. All patients responded well to the treatment. CONCLUSION: Brucellosis is an important emerging zoonotic disease but it is often under-diagnosed due to lack of suspicion and diagnostic facilities despite the fact that cattle farming (an important high risk group) is one of the main occupation in rural area. This report should infuse the awareness about this reemerging disease specifically in high-risk group.

Coccidioidomicosis osteoarticular: estudio clinicopatológico de una serie de 36 pacientes mexicanos / Osteoarticular coccidioidomicosis clinical and pathological: study of 36 Mexican patients

Coccidioidomycosis (CM) is primarily a lung disease. Systemic spread occurs in 1% of cases and one of its manifestation is osteoarthritis. Aim. To describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of 36 patients with osteoarthritis by Coccidioides immitis (COA). Material and methods. The surgical pathology records of two medical institutions were reviewed; patients with clinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis and definitive histopathological diagnosis of COA were included in the study. Results were analyzed by contingence tables (RXC) and test. Results. Twenty six adults (19 men, seven women) and 10 children (seven males, three females) were studied. The analysis demonstrated a predominance of disease in men (72.2%, p - 0.008). There was no difference between males and females in relation to history of mycotic disease or diagnosis of lung disease after the diagnosis of COA. Bone involvement (76% of cases) was more frequent that pure joint lesions and the predominant radiological lesion was of lytic type. 30.5% of patients (11 cases) had multiple bone lesions and eight of them were men with multiple vertebral bone lesions. Discussion. The COA was the only manifestation of disease in 83% of the patients. Therefore is important to consider this etiology in patients of endemic area. The clinical and radiological spectrum of COA is wide and may include a dentigerous and synovial cyst or simulates metastatic disease. The recognition of the clinical manifestations of COA may contribute to an opportune diagnosis and treatment.

La coccidioidomicosis (CM) es una enfermedad primariamente pulmonar. La diseminación sistémica ocurre en 1% de los casos y una de sus manifestaciones es la osteoartritis. Objetivo. Conocer las características clínicas y patológicas de 36 pacientes con osteoartritis por Coccidioides immitis (OAC). Material y métodos. Se revisaron los archivos de patología quirúrgica de dos instituciones y se incluyeron aquellos pacientes que consultaron por enfermedad osteoarticular y cuyo diagnóstico final histopatológico fue de CM. Los resultados se analizaron con tablas de contingencia (programa RXC) y prueba de . Resultados. Se estudiaron 26 adultos (19 hombres, siete mujeres) y 10 niños (siete hombres y tres mujeres). La prueba de mostró un predominio de casos en hombres (72.2%, p = 0.008). No hubo diferencia entre hombres y mujeres en relación con antecedentes de enfermedad micótica ni en el diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar posterior al diagnóstico de OAM. El compromiso óseo (76% de los casos) fue más frecuente que las lesiones articulares puras y la imagen radiológica predominante fue la osteolítica. De los casos estudiados, 30.5% (11 casos) presentaban lesiones óseas múltiples. De estos 11 casos, ocho eran hombres que en su mayoría presentaban lesiones vertebrales dorsales bajas y lumbares. Discusión. En 83% de los pacientes que se presentaron por OAC, esta fue la única manifestación de la enfermedad. El espectro clínico y radiológico de OAC es muy amplio y puede presentarse como un quiste dentígero, un quiste sinovial o simular enfermedad metastásica. El reconocimiento de esta variedad de presentaciones clínicas en individuos de zonas endémicas puede contribuir a un diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento específico.

Prevalência de anticorpos antivírus da arterite dos eqüinos em cavalos criados no Estado de Säo Paulo / Prevalence of equine arteritis virus specific antibodies in horses of Säo Paulo State, Brazil

Utilizou-se a prova de soroneutralização em microplacas para detecção de anticorpos antivírus da arterite dos eqüinos em 659 amostras de soro sangüíneo de animais criados no Estado de São Paulo. A prevalência de anticorpos na população estudada foi igual a 18,2 por cento. A raça Mangalarga foi a que apresentou maior taxa de prevalência, 33,3 por cento. Animais na faixa etária de 6 a 24 meses de idade apresentaram a maior taxa de prevalência, 30,4 por cento, e as fêmeas apresentaram prevalência de 22, 9 por cento, mais alta do que nos machos

With the purpose of studying the prevalence of equine viral arteritis in horses raised in São Paulo State, Brazil, by the standard microtiter serum neutralization test, 659 serum samples were investigated. The prevalence of antibodies in the horse population was 18.2 per cent, which was significantly higher in Mangalarga horses (33.3 per cent) than in any other breed (Thoroughbred, Arab, Quarter Horse, mixed breeds and others). The distribuition of horses by age showed that horses between 6 to 24 months of age (30.4 per cent) had a higher prevalence (30.4 per cent) rate than others. The female horses prevalence rate of 22.9 per cent was significantly higher than in male horses.

An outbreak of post-streptococcal reactive arthritis.

We describe an outbreak of an illness with fever, mono-, pauci- or polyarticular arthritis, and high antideoxyribonuclease B (ADNB) titres in 11 patients. Two patients had concomitant non-purulent conjunctivitis and one had endogenous endophthalmitis. There was no clinical or echocardiographic (6 patients) evidence of carditis. Blood culture grew Group A beta haemolytic streptococci in one patient. A simultaneous synovial fluid culture in this patient and similar cultures in four more patients yielded no microorganism. Most patients recovered completely, but one developed rheumatoid factor negative spondyloarthropathy. Monoarticular arthritis in several patients, the absence of carditis, and the presence of high ADNB titres without high anti-streptolysin O titres indicate that this was not acute rheumatic fever but post-streptococcal reactive arthritis (PSRA).

Neonatal septic arthritis.

Neonatal septic arthritis has always been considered as separate from its counterpart in older children. The condition is uncommon but serious. Affected neonates usually survive, but with permanent skeletal deformities. Ten cases of neonatal septic arthritis were diagnosed between January 1989 and December 1993 in the neonatal intensive care units of two referral hospitals in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. All except one neonate was born prematurely. The mean age of presentation was 15.6 days. Joint swelling (10/10), increased warmth (7/10) and erythema of the overlying skin (7/10) were the common presenting signs. Vague constitutional symptoms preceded the definitive signs of septic arthritis in all cases. The total white cell counts were raised with shift to the left. The knee (60%) was not commonly affected, followed by the hip (13%) and ankle (13%). Three neonates had multiple joint involvement. Coexistence of arthritis with osteomyelitis was observed in seven neonates. The commonest organism isolated was methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (9/10). Needle aspiration was performed in nine neonates and one had incision with drainage. Follow up data was available for five neonates and two of these had skeletal morbidity. Early diagnosis by frequent examination of the joints, prompt treatment and control of nosocomial infection are important for management.